1. State Faraday’s rotation law.
2. State the properties of S matrix.
3. What are the reasons that low frequency parameters cannot be Measured in
microwaves?
4. State the two parameters that describe a directional coupler? Define them.
5. State TEE junction theorems.
6. What is S matrix and write the S matrix of N port network?
7. What is meant by hybrid coupler?
8. Compare z parameters and ABCD parameters with S-parameters.
9. What are hybrid rings?
10.List the parameters that determine the performance of a directional coupler.
11. Explain the action of a rat-race junction.
12.Why are waveguide bends and twists constructed so that the direction of
propagated energy is gradually changed?
1.Define GUNN effect.
2. What is the necessary condition for an IMPATT to produce oscillations?
3. List the differences between microwave transistor and TED devices.
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of parametric amplifier?
5. What is meant by avalanche transit time device?
6. Discuss the applications of PIN diode.
7. What is a parametric amplifier? How is it different from a normal amplifier?
8. What is the theory of a negative resistance amplifier?
9. Explain how a tunnel diode can be used as a amplifier.
10.List the several donation formation modes of a Gunn diode.
11.State the performance characteristics of IMPATT and TRAPATT diode.
12. An IMPATT diode has a drift length of 2 μm. Determine the operating
frequency of IMPATT diode if the drift velocity for Si is 107 cms/sec
1. Draw the electronic admittance diagram of reflex klystron.
2. State the differences between TWT and klystron?
3. Can a two cavity klystron amplifier be used an oscillator? If yes, how?
4. What is the purpose of slow wave structures in TWT?
5. What is meant by frequency pushing and frequency pulling?.
6. What is velocity modulation?
7. What are the limitations of conventional tubes at microwave
frequencies?Explain how these limitations can be overcome.
8. What are the performance characteristics of a Klystron amplifier?
9. How is bunching achieved in a cavity magnetron?
10. What are cross field deices?
11. How is tuning achieved in reflex klystron oscillators?
12. What is strapping in magnetron? How is the same effect obtained without
strapping?
1. What are the advantages of microstrip line over strip line?
2. What are the advantages of MMIC over discrete circuit?
3. What are the properties of dielectric materials?
4. What are the losses in strip lines?
5. List the various MMIC fabrication techniques.
6. Microstrip line is also called an open strip line.Comment on this.
7. Why is it difficult to establish microstrip short circuits?
8. What are the design considerations for a microstrip line?
9. Why are propagating modes along the strip lines are non-TEM and not pure
TEM modes?
10.How are waveguides different from normal two – wire transmission lines?
11.Give the physical interpretation for phase and group velocity in relation to
speed of light.
1. What is Bolometer? Give two examples?
2. A wave guide load is used to absorb power of 2W., reflected power is
3mW.Find magnitude of VSWR.
3. Why reflex klystron is a square wave 1kHz PAM while microwave
measurements are done using VSWR?
4. What are the sources of error in return loss measurement using a waveguide reflectometer and klystron source?
5. What is meant by duty cycle?
6. How are microwave measurements different from low frequency
measurements?
7. List the various techniques of measuring unknown frequency of a microwave
generator.
8. How can you extend the range of power measurement?
9. Describe how an ordinary voltmeter can be calibrated to VSWR directly.What are the drawbacks of such a VSWR meter?
10. List any two methods of measuring impedance of a terminating load in a
microwave system.
11. Explain the concept of double minimum method of measuring VSWR.
1. Among Microwaves and light waves which have high bit rate distance
product?Why?
2. Mention the three advantages of optical fiber as waveguide over conventional metallic waveguide?
3. What is meant by mode and index profile?
4. Mention the advantages of Graded Index fiber.
5. Write the expression for the refractive index in Graded index fiber.
6. Define Numerical Aperture of step index fiber.
7. Give the expression of the effective number of modes that are guided by a
curved multimode fiber of radius ‘ a’.
8. State Snells Law.
9. Define Critical angle?
10. Define TIR?
11. What is the need of Cladding?
12. Define core index difference.
13. Define refractive index?
14. What are leaky modes in optical fibers?
15. Define External reflection of light rays?
16. What is meant by modes of waveguide?
17. Define V number?
18. What is relation between V number and power flow in cladding?
19. What is the fundamental parameter of SM fiber?
20. Give the relation between rays and modes?
21. What are the advantages and disadvantages of SM fiber?
22. What are the advantages and disadvantages of MM fiber?
23. Define skew rays and merdional rays?
24. Define cutoff conditions?
25. What is meant by Degenerate modes?
26. What is meant by linearly polarized modes?
27. Define MFD?
28. Define Bi refrigence and beat length?
29. A point source of light is 12cm below the surface of a large body of water
(n=1.33). What is the radius of the largest circle on the water surface through which the lights can emerge?
30. Consider a parabolic index waveguide with n1=1.75,n2=1.677 and core radius 52μm. Calculate the numerical aperture at the axis and at a point 20μm from the axis.
31. Why do we prefer step index single mode fiber for long distance
communication?
32. Why do we use LP01 mode for long distance communications?
33. What are three operating windows?
34. Alight ray is incident from glass to air. Calculate critical angle?
1. An optical signal has lost 55% of its power after traversing 3.5 km of fiber.
What is
the loss in dB/km of this fiber?
2. Define mode-field diameter.
3. What are the causes of absorption?
4. Define normalized propagation constant.
5. List the basic attenuation mechanisms in an optical fiber.
6. What is meant be mode coupling ? What causes it ?
7. Mention the two causes of intramodal dispersion.
8. Define fiber loss.
9. What do you mean be polarization mode dispersion?
10. Commonly available single mode fibers have beat lengths in the range 10cm <Lp <2m. What range of refractive index differences does this correspond to?
11. Find the coupling loss for two fibers having core refractive index profiles _E =2.0 and _R =1.5
12. Define Raleigh Scattering loss.
13. Define Mie Scattering loss.
14. When the mean optical power launched into an 8 km length of fiber is 120 μw.
Determine the overall signal attenuation or loss in decibels.
15. How are micro bending losses reduced?
16. Distinguish intrinsic and extrinsic absorption.
17. Distinguish dispersion shifted and dispersion flattened fibers.
1. Define radiance.
2. What is meant by “ population inversion”?
3. what is meant by heterojunction?
4. What is meant by indirect band gap semiconductor material?
5. Draw the three key transition processes involved in laser action.
6. Give examples for direct and indirect semiconductor materials.
7. Define internal quantum efficiency of an LED.
8. Name few splicing methods in fiber optics.
9. Compare LED and LASER.
10. What so you mean by heterojunction ? Mention its advantages.
a. List the different types of mechanical misalignments that can occur between two joined fibers.
b. Calculate the ratio of stimulated emission rata to the spontaneous emission rate for a lamp operating at a temperature of 1000 K. Assume average
operating wavelength is 0.5μm.
11. Define lambertian pattern .
12. Define FWHM.
13. Define Modal or speckle noise.
14. Define “ Kinks”.
15. Define Mode partition noise.
16. Define Lensing Schemes.
17. Define Splicing ? What are types of Splicing.?
18. What are the Characteristics of Light Source .
1. Define diffusion length.
2. Define avalanche effect .
3. Define responsivity.
4. Define Quantum efficiency of photo detector.
5. Write the noise sources in the receiver section.
6.Define Quantum limit.
7.What are the desired features of photo detector.
8.A photo diode is constructed of GaAs which has a bandgap energy of 1.43Ev
at 300k.
What is meant by long wavelength cutoff?
9.What are the benefits of trans impedance amplifier.
10.Define long wave length cutoff related photo diode.
11.What is meant by bulk dark current?
12.A photo diode has a capacitance of 6pf.Calculate the max load resistance
which allows
an 8MHz post defection BW.
13. What is meant by impact ionization. In APD?
14.What is transit time of photo carriers?
15.What is meant by ionization rate?
16. Define avalanche multiplication?
17.Define S/N ratio of an optical receiver?What are the conditions are required
to achieve high S/N?
18.Define BER?
19.Define Extinction ratio?
20. Define photo current?
21. What is p+ _pn+ reach through structure?
22.Define excess noise factor?
23. What is meant by Pre amplifier? What are the advantages of pre amplifier?
24.Whar are the draw backs of high impedance amplifier?
1. List out the requirements that are to be considered in analyzing a link
2. Differentiate link power budget and rise time budget.
3. What is SONET? How does it differ from SDH?
4. What are solitons?
5. What is meant by ‘modal noise’?
2. State the properties of S matrix.
3. What are the reasons that low frequency parameters cannot be Measured in
microwaves?
4. State the two parameters that describe a directional coupler? Define them.
5. State TEE junction theorems.
6. What is S matrix and write the S matrix of N port network?
7. What is meant by hybrid coupler?
8. Compare z parameters and ABCD parameters with S-parameters.
9. What are hybrid rings?
10.List the parameters that determine the performance of a directional coupler.
11. Explain the action of a rat-race junction.
12.Why are waveguide bends and twists constructed so that the direction of
propagated energy is gradually changed?
1.Define GUNN effect.
2. What is the necessary condition for an IMPATT to produce oscillations?
3. List the differences between microwave transistor and TED devices.
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of parametric amplifier?
5. What is meant by avalanche transit time device?
6. Discuss the applications of PIN diode.
7. What is a parametric amplifier? How is it different from a normal amplifier?
8. What is the theory of a negative resistance amplifier?
9. Explain how a tunnel diode can be used as a amplifier.
10.List the several donation formation modes of a Gunn diode.
11.State the performance characteristics of IMPATT and TRAPATT diode.
12. An IMPATT diode has a drift length of 2 μm. Determine the operating
frequency of IMPATT diode if the drift velocity for Si is 107 cms/sec
1. Draw the electronic admittance diagram of reflex klystron.
2. State the differences between TWT and klystron?
3. Can a two cavity klystron amplifier be used an oscillator? If yes, how?
4. What is the purpose of slow wave structures in TWT?
5. What is meant by frequency pushing and frequency pulling?.
6. What is velocity modulation?
7. What are the limitations of conventional tubes at microwave
frequencies?Explain how these limitations can be overcome.
8. What are the performance characteristics of a Klystron amplifier?
9. How is bunching achieved in a cavity magnetron?
10. What are cross field deices?
11. How is tuning achieved in reflex klystron oscillators?
12. What is strapping in magnetron? How is the same effect obtained without
strapping?
1. What are the advantages of microstrip line over strip line?
2. What are the advantages of MMIC over discrete circuit?
3. What are the properties of dielectric materials?
4. What are the losses in strip lines?
5. List the various MMIC fabrication techniques.
6. Microstrip line is also called an open strip line.Comment on this.
7. Why is it difficult to establish microstrip short circuits?
8. What are the design considerations for a microstrip line?
9. Why are propagating modes along the strip lines are non-TEM and not pure
TEM modes?
10.How are waveguides different from normal two – wire transmission lines?
11.Give the physical interpretation for phase and group velocity in relation to
speed of light.
1. What is Bolometer? Give two examples?
2. A wave guide load is used to absorb power of 2W., reflected power is
3mW.Find magnitude of VSWR.
3. Why reflex klystron is a square wave 1kHz PAM while microwave
measurements are done using VSWR?
4. What are the sources of error in return loss measurement using a waveguide reflectometer and klystron source?
5. What is meant by duty cycle?
6. How are microwave measurements different from low frequency
measurements?
7. List the various techniques of measuring unknown frequency of a microwave
generator.
8. How can you extend the range of power measurement?
9. Describe how an ordinary voltmeter can be calibrated to VSWR directly.What are the drawbacks of such a VSWR meter?
10. List any two methods of measuring impedance of a terminating load in a
microwave system.
11. Explain the concept of double minimum method of measuring VSWR.
1. Among Microwaves and light waves which have high bit rate distance
product?Why?
2. Mention the three advantages of optical fiber as waveguide over conventional metallic waveguide?
3. What is meant by mode and index profile?
4. Mention the advantages of Graded Index fiber.
5. Write the expression for the refractive index in Graded index fiber.
6. Define Numerical Aperture of step index fiber.
7. Give the expression of the effective number of modes that are guided by a
curved multimode fiber of radius ‘ a’.
8. State Snells Law.
9. Define Critical angle?
10. Define TIR?
11. What is the need of Cladding?
12. Define core index difference.
13. Define refractive index?
14. What are leaky modes in optical fibers?
15. Define External reflection of light rays?
16. What is meant by modes of waveguide?
17. Define V number?
18. What is relation between V number and power flow in cladding?
19. What is the fundamental parameter of SM fiber?
20. Give the relation between rays and modes?
21. What are the advantages and disadvantages of SM fiber?
22. What are the advantages and disadvantages of MM fiber?
23. Define skew rays and merdional rays?
24. Define cutoff conditions?
25. What is meant by Degenerate modes?
26. What is meant by linearly polarized modes?
27. Define MFD?
28. Define Bi refrigence and beat length?
29. A point source of light is 12cm below the surface of a large body of water
(n=1.33). What is the radius of the largest circle on the water surface through which the lights can emerge?
30. Consider a parabolic index waveguide with n1=1.75,n2=1.677 and core radius 52μm. Calculate the numerical aperture at the axis and at a point 20μm from the axis.
31. Why do we prefer step index single mode fiber for long distance
communication?
32. Why do we use LP01 mode for long distance communications?
33. What are three operating windows?
34. Alight ray is incident from glass to air. Calculate critical angle?
1. An optical signal has lost 55% of its power after traversing 3.5 km of fiber.
What is
the loss in dB/km of this fiber?
2. Define mode-field diameter.
3. What are the causes of absorption?
4. Define normalized propagation constant.
5. List the basic attenuation mechanisms in an optical fiber.
6. What is meant be mode coupling ? What causes it ?
7. Mention the two causes of intramodal dispersion.
8. Define fiber loss.
9. What do you mean be polarization mode dispersion?
10. Commonly available single mode fibers have beat lengths in the range 10cm <Lp <2m. What range of refractive index differences does this correspond to?
11. Find the coupling loss for two fibers having core refractive index profiles _E =2.0 and _R =1.5
12. Define Raleigh Scattering loss.
13. Define Mie Scattering loss.
14. When the mean optical power launched into an 8 km length of fiber is 120 μw.
Determine the overall signal attenuation or loss in decibels.
15. How are micro bending losses reduced?
16. Distinguish intrinsic and extrinsic absorption.
17. Distinguish dispersion shifted and dispersion flattened fibers.
1. Define radiance.
2. What is meant by “ population inversion”?
3. what is meant by heterojunction?
4. What is meant by indirect band gap semiconductor material?
5. Draw the three key transition processes involved in laser action.
6. Give examples for direct and indirect semiconductor materials.
7. Define internal quantum efficiency of an LED.
8. Name few splicing methods in fiber optics.
9. Compare LED and LASER.
10. What so you mean by heterojunction ? Mention its advantages.
a. List the different types of mechanical misalignments that can occur between two joined fibers.
b. Calculate the ratio of stimulated emission rata to the spontaneous emission rate for a lamp operating at a temperature of 1000 K. Assume average
operating wavelength is 0.5μm.
11. Define lambertian pattern .
12. Define FWHM.
13. Define Modal or speckle noise.
14. Define “ Kinks”.
15. Define Mode partition noise.
16. Define Lensing Schemes.
17. Define Splicing ? What are types of Splicing.?
18. What are the Characteristics of Light Source .
1. Define diffusion length.
2. Define avalanche effect .
3. Define responsivity.
4. Define Quantum efficiency of photo detector.
5. Write the noise sources in the receiver section.
6.Define Quantum limit.
7.What are the desired features of photo detector.
8.A photo diode is constructed of GaAs which has a bandgap energy of 1.43Ev
at 300k.
What is meant by long wavelength cutoff?
9.What are the benefits of trans impedance amplifier.
10.Define long wave length cutoff related photo diode.
11.What is meant by bulk dark current?
12.A photo diode has a capacitance of 6pf.Calculate the max load resistance
which allows
an 8MHz post defection BW.
13. What is meant by impact ionization. In APD?
14.What is transit time of photo carriers?
15.What is meant by ionization rate?
16. Define avalanche multiplication?
17.Define S/N ratio of an optical receiver?What are the conditions are required
to achieve high S/N?
18.Define BER?
19.Define Extinction ratio?
20. Define photo current?
21. What is p+ _pn+ reach through structure?
22.Define excess noise factor?
23. What is meant by Pre amplifier? What are the advantages of pre amplifier?
24.Whar are the draw backs of high impedance amplifier?
1. List out the requirements that are to be considered in analyzing a link
2. Differentiate link power budget and rise time budget.
3. What is SONET? How does it differ from SDH?
4. What are solitons?
5. What is meant by ‘modal noise’?
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